Althea Gibson - Biography of Tennis Pioneer

Tennis, which first came to the United States in the late 19th century, by the middle of the 20th century had become part of a culture of health and fitness. Public programs brought tennis to children in poor neighborhoods, though those children couldnt dream of playing in the elite tennis clubs. Dates:  August 25, 1927 - September 28, 2003 Early Life One young girl named Althea Gibson lived in Harlem in the 1930s and 1940s. Her family was on welfare. She was a client of the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children. She had trouble in school and was often truant. She ran away from home frequently. . She also played paddle tennis in public recreation programs. Her talent and interest in the game led her to win tournaments sponsored by the Police Athletic Leagues and the Parks Department. Musician Buddy Walker noticed her playing table tennis  and thought she might do well in tennis. He brought her to the Harlem River Tennis Courts, where she learned the game and began to excel. A Rising Star The young Althea Gibson became a member of the Harlem Cosmopolitan Tennis Club, a club for African American players, through donations raised for her membership and lessons. By 1942 Gibson had won the girls singles event at the American Tennis Associations New York State Tournament. The American Tennis Association - ATA - was an all-black organization, providing tournament opportunities not otherwise available to African American tennis players. In 1944 and 1945 she again won ATA tournaments. Then Gibson was offered an opportunity to develop her talents more fully: a wealthy South Carolina businessman opened his home to her and supported her in attending an industrial high school  while studying tennis privately. From 1950, she furthered her education, attending Florida AM University, where she graduated in 1953. Then, in 1953, she became an athletic instructor at Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri. Gibson won the ATA womens singles tournament ten years in a row, 1947 through 1956. But tennis tournaments outside the ATA remained closed to her, until 1950. In that year white tennis player Alice Marble wrote an article in American Lawn Tennis magazine, noting that this excellent player was not able to participate in the better-known championships, for no reason other than bigotry. And so later that year, Althea Gibson entered the Forest Hills, New York, national grass court championship, the first African-American player of either sex to be allowed to enter. Gibson Takes on Wimbledon Gibson then became the first African-American invited to enter the all-England tournament at Wimbledon, playing there in 1951. She entered other tournaments  though at first winning only minor titles outside the ATA. In 1956, she won the French Open. In the same year, she toured worldwide as a member of a national tennis team supported by the U.S. State Department. She began winning more tournaments, including at the Wimbledon womens doubles. In 1957, she won the womens singles and doubles at Wimbledon. In celebration of this American win -- and her achievement as an African American -- New York City greeted her with a ticker tape parade. Gibson followed up with a win at Forest Hills in the womens singles tournament. Turning Pro In 1958, she again won both Wimbledon titles and repeated the Forest Hills womens singles win. Her autobiography, I Always Wanted to Be Somebody, came out in 1958. In 1959 she turned pro, winning the womens professional singles title in 1960. She also began playing professional womens golf and she appeared in several films. Althea Gibson served from 1973 on in various national and New Jersey positions in tennis and recreation. Among her honors: 1971 - National Lawn Tennis Hall of Fame1971 - International Tennis Hall of Fame1974 - Black Athletes Hall of Fame1983 - South Carolina Hall of Fame1984 - Florida Sports Hall of Fame In the mid-1990s, Althea Gibson suffered from serious health problems including a stroke, and also struggled financially though many efforts at fund-raising helped ease that burden. She died on Sunday, September 28, 2003, but not before she knew of the tennis victories of Serena and Venus Williams. A Lasting Legacy Other African American tennis players like Arthur Ashe and the Williams sisters followed Gibson, though not quickly. Althea Gibsons achievement was unique, as the first African American of either sex to break the color bar in national and international tournament tennis at a time when prejudice and racism were far more pervasive in society and sports.

Hung Liu Essay - 1298 Words

Hung Liu: The Chinese-American Artist By: Daniel Cagape ARTS 2F 10:30AM â€Å"The mind changes, the word changes, time doesnt stay still, history is a verb, it is ongoing, there is no past tense, future tense, history is constant† Hung Liu told interviewer Rachelle Riechart (Riechart). Hung Liu is a Chinese woman who was born in Changchun, China in 1948. She was born during the age which we call the Chinese Cultural Revolution, which heavily impacted her life. She lived in China for 36 years and then left for the United States. She now resides in Oakland, CA, where she teaches art at Mills College (â€Å"A World of Art†). A lot of her artwork is based on photographs and memories she has from China and photographs she’s taken in the United†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"One dancer heard Ebens say explicitly ’It’s because of you motherfu*kers that we’re out of work’† was the accusation he made. Vincent was a young man who was about to get married in a few weeks before he was murdered. His fathe r was a Chinese immigrant who worked hard and owned laundry mats, and later served in the military for his citizenship and was later able to bring his wife and adopted son, Vincent, to the free land (Yung). Hung Liu worked hard with extensive research to find that her fellow Chinese people who had been living in America before her had owned many laundry mats and were very involved in the laundry business. When asked by a college in South Carolina to create a piece for them, she designed clothing and had her family create them and this piece later turned into a memorial for the laundry businesses in the South (Riechart). Figure 1: â€Å"Forbidden City† Figure 1: â€Å"Forbidden City† Another struggle that Hung Liu addressed that might have affected her life in California was that in the 1800s, Chinese women were shipped in and used as prostitutes around San Francisco for miners (Tedford). In 1991 Hung Liu painted the â€Å"Forbidden City†, shown in figure 1, which shows exposed women in the Forbidden City of China. I feel like this painting is called Forbidden forShow MoreRelatedThe Significance Of Mao Zedong s Leadership Essay11407 Words   |  46 PagesDue to Mao’s economic failures his position had weakened. The popularity of Mao started to deteriorate as people began to resent him and factions were formed against him in the Communist Party. In 1959 Mao stepped down as the leader being replaced by Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. The new leaders moved towards private ownership from socialism and collectivism. However Mao was still in the picture and remained a key member of the CCP. By 1962 he wanted to get rid of the party and of China’s ca pitalistRead MoreA Brief Overview Of The Cruise Industry913 Words   |  4 Pages(Murphy, 2016). Today, the cruising industry has grown to a modern multimillion leisure and tourism industry, which provides an affordable option of vacation and a level of comfort, which is difficult to match for the average citizen (Chang, Park, Liu, Roh, 2016). In addition, the number of people who cruise has been experiencing a significant increment over the years across the world. Further, the number of cruise companies that compete for the shares of global market has significantly reducedRead MoreMy Personal Theory As A Self Based Learning1622 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most popular and effective method that has been conducted in education. It has been innovated to facilitate student’s problem-solving and self-directed learning skills, which has been widely illustrated in the field of medical education (Hung, Jonassen, Liu, 2008). PBL theory has spread widely and is used increasingly in t he U.S outside the field of medical education. Since the 1990s, higher education and K-12 settings have adopted PBL as well as variety professional schools have globally appliedRead MoreJaguar or Bluebird Case Study1076 Words   |  5 Pagesnow and when he returns home it is helpful to look ant the three foundational cultural theories of Hofstede (1991), Trompenaars (1993), and Oberg (1960) impact international human resource management could lead to loss of finances or curb turnover (Hung-Wen Lee et al. p.753). These three theories explain how different cultures view appropriate managerial styles and cross-cultural shock from migrating between two cultures and back again. One of the greatest challenges confronting the expatriate isRead MoreDeath of Woman Wang1323 Words   |  6 Pagessufficient information to do their further investigation. There are three main sources of the materials: the Local History of T’an-ch’eng, a personal memoir and handbook written by Huang Liu-hung, and the works of P’u Sung-ling. Among them, the Local History of T’an-ch’eng and the work by Huang Liu-hung were focus on describing villagers’ daily lives, they are made of descriptions of local events and characters’ portions; while P’u Sung-ling’s works were in the category of literature, the storiesRead MoreDifferent Types Of Disorders And Diseases Caused By A Mutation864 Words   |  4 Pagesface hypoplasia (HUNG, C., et.al.2008). The first classification of Achondroplasia was by Dr. Jurgen Spranger, then in 1994 the gene that was found responsible was mapped by Dr. John Wasmuth and thus found to be located on chromosome four; that being said this fact makes the mutation autosomal (Vajo.z, et.al 2000). Achondroplasia, a heredity form of dwarfism, that affects every 1 in 15,00 0- 40,000 live births with most newborns showing the common characteristics of the disorder (LIU, J, et.al.2015)Read MoreThe North China Plain ( Ncp )988 Words   |  4 Pagesjust been completed in the end of 2014. The project 44 is envisaged to alleviate the water pressure in NCP, provide water for the 45 rehabilitation of the degraded ecosystems, and secure a balanced development for the 46 whole nation (Liu and Zheng, 2002; Berkoff, 2003; Gu, et al., 2012). 47 In contrast to the visible â€Å"real† water transfer, an invisible or â€Å"hidden† water 48 movement also takes place between NCP and the rest of the country as well as the 49 other countries. That isRead MoreSecret life of bees 2 and 3 Questions Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesKatherine Liu! Professor Wolterbeek! English 1B! 05/12/2014 Page 1 of 5 KIDD DAY #2 (67-135) †¨ 1. In chapter four and five the reader is introduced to the Boatwright sisters and their home. Find passages that provide a physical description of the sisters, the family dwelling and the honey house. What do these passages reveal about the Boatwright family culture? The first time Lily sees August, she is described as a â€Å"tall, dressed in white, wearing a pith helmet with veils that floated across herRead MoreProject Risk Management Of Information Technology1492 Words   |  6 Pagesprojects. Improving project management remains a primary concern for managers. Successful projects in Information Systems and Technology enables organizations to develop a powerful supply network and improve the capability of operations management (Liu 2015). An important part of risk management is to focus on analysing vulnerabilities and threats to the information resources and deciding what counter measures should be taken to reduce risk (Feng, Wang and Li 2014). Potential risks coverRead MoreSecurity Enhancement Strategies And Strategies1660 Words   |  7 Pages1080/19393550902791440. [4] Ibikunle, Frank. 2011. â€Å"Cloud Computing Security Issues and Challenges,† 2011–2247. [5] Liao, Hung-Jen, Chun-Hung Richard Lin, Ying-Chih Lin, and Kuang-Yuan Tung. 2013. â€Å"Intrusion Detection System: A Comprehensive Review.† Journal of Network and Computer Applications 36 (1): 16–24. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2012.09.004. [6] Li, Jianxin, Bo Li, Tianyu Wo, Chunming Hu, Jinpeng Huai, Lu Liu, and K. P. Lam. 2012. â€Å"CyberGuarder: A Virtualization Security Assurance Architecture for Green Cloud Computing

Biographical Analysis of John Mcwhorter Free Essays

Han Bin Kim Comp II, Class B Assignment 2, Draft 1 February 23, 2013 John McWhorter Interview Over the years I have interviewed a good number of people, but there has never been anyone quite like John McWhorter. Upon reading the article â€Å"The Cosmopolitan Tongue: The Universality of English† as published in the 2009 Fall edition of World Affairs, I found myself delighted by the mellow but powerful tone and the writer who could use it with such ease. Here was a man with brains, consideration, and humor. We will write a custom essay sample on Biographical Analysis of John Mcwhorter or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lost in my reveries about what McWhorter would be like, I didn’t quite realize that I had somehow dialed his office number until a deep voice filtered through the receiver. â€Å"Yes? McWhorter speaking. † With a tingling sense of nervousness I had forgotten since my rookie days, I introduced myself and asked if he could spare time for a brief interview. He replied, â€Å"Interviews, my dear sir, are rarely brief,† and I could almost hear his smile. There was that brilliant wit which had inspired him to state that there were â€Å"no feminine-gendered tables that talk like Penelope Cruz. (McWhorter, 251) After a turn or two of friendly wrangling, he gently suggested meeting Saturday afternoon at a quiet cafe we both knew. I agreed to the designated rendezvous and, unable to control the temptation, asked, â€Å"How long have you said cafe like that? † The way McWhorter pronounced the word was this: the ‘c’ was sweeter and lighter, in the way I talians and Spaniards speak, and the ‘f’ was said like a soft ‘p’—sounding simply foreign. He said simply, â€Å"Since I was very young. I already knew that he had â€Å"taught himself languages as a hobby since childhood† (McWhorter, 247), and unsatisfied as I was with his answer, I vowed that Saturday would be a new day. On Saturday afternoon I drove down a peaceful country road and walked silently into the cafe. A tall man stood with his back to me, gazing out the large French window, and without prologue asked, â€Å"Isn’t that a beautiful poem right in front of us? Anne Shirley said it a century ago, but I’ll take the liberty to repeat it. The lines and verses are only the outward garments of the poem; the real poem is the soul within them†¦ and that beautiful scene is the soul of an unwritten poem. † I smiled quietly at his analytical but sensitive analogy, reminded immediately of his description of the word ‘al— â€Å"an evergreen branch, a word whose final sound is a whistling past the sides of the tongue that sounds like wind passing through just such a branch. † (McWhorter, 247) I later asked him what his childhood nickname had been, and laughing, he confessed that he had most often been called â€Å"poet†. Small wonder for a man who could condense a long, everyday sentence—say, for example, â€Å"there are an innumerable number of books that could have summed up to no mean weight†Ã¢â‚¬â€into three pithy, creative, imagery-filled words: â€Å"Bookstore shelves groan. † (McWhorter, 247) He folded his long self into the armchair, crossing his legs, and leaning slightly forward he told me to sit down. As I sat, I remarked, â€Å"You look a great deal like I imagined you to be. † His quiet question and intelligent gaze compelled me to elucidate. I had gathered much of the premises from his writing. The contrasting thoughts â€Å"I hardly rejoice when a language dies† (McWhorter, 247) and â€Å"Would it be inherently evil if there were not 6,000 spoken languages but one? † (McWhorter, 252) could hardly have revealed themselves in a single piece of writing unless the writer was a man of exceptionally precise, cold logic. Thus I had already envisioned the deep-set, handsome eyes that flashed fire from under his brow, and the firmly set mouth. I had also imagined him to be a handsome man, and he was that, too. Humor saved the chin from tapering too sharply, the mouth from being dour: â€Å"Spanish speakers do not go about routinely imagining tables as cooing in feminine tones. † (McWhorter, 249) McWhorter laughed at my analysis, wryly telling me that I should have gone out for professional work in physiognomy, and handed me the menu which the waitress had left by his side. These little considerate actions which I had noticed during the phone call and the three minutes I had met him, inspired me to ask if he had always been so considerate. He looked surprised. I have never thought myself considerate,† he said slowly, â€Å"I am often told that I am too frank with my words. Before I make my opinion on something, I look at it from all perspectives to check that it is perfectly reasonable and logical. But once I make it, I say it without stopping to think if people who think otherwise will be hurt by my words. † I protested. I had already known that he was a considerate per son just by reading his article; namely, the welcoming way with which he drew his readers in: â€Å"Most Americans pronounce disgusting as â€Å"diss-kusting† with a k sound. Try it—you probably do too. )† (McWhorter, 248) The tall man leaned back in the armchair and laughed. â€Å"My dear friend, every writer is obligated to welcome his readers. Readers are the laziest species that ever drew breath, and if they don’t feel welcomed, they won’t read. As for being patient in littler things—well, I don’t know if this is very relevant or not, but I read five versions of the Talmud, each one progressively harder, when I was in middle school. I’m pretty sure junior high was when my interest in Hebrew peaked. The Talmud was a pretty good source of linguistic and cultural knowledge, and some of the moral standards made pretty logical sense, so I adopted them as my own. † It was relevant. Being considerate in a gentlemanly way, however, was different from the deferential attitude that McWhorter always took on when dealing with other cultures. More curious was how completely he seemed to understand each language, from its origin to how the people felt about it—â€Å"Native American groups would bristle at the idea that they are no longer meaningfully â€Å"Indian† simply because they no longer speak their ancestral language. (McWhorter, 249) McWhorter looked a trifle annoyed at first, but gradually his well-shaped face took on more complacent, amused lines. â€Å"I am a writer, and I am a linguist,† he said. â€Å"Both have to do with words—their denotation, connotation, nuance, and power. Knowing the power each word can wield automatically inspires you to feel a certain reverence for the English vocabulary in general—I’m sure you’ll agree with me there, sir—and knowing the power each language can wield brings you on your knees before the altar of all languages. † â€Å"But you don’t worship something you know absolutely nothing about,† he aid, gazing out at the sunlit scene again. â€Å"You first make sure that whatever it is, it is something that deserves to be worshipped. So you study the language. From then on, it’s rather like jumping into a river. Jump into the heart of the current, and you will be swept away like a stray autumn leaf. If you give yourself wholeheartedly up for the language to mold, the culture starts to mold you too. And as for the fact that I feel this way towards all languages,† and here a small frown creased his brow as he turned to me again, â€Å"well, it is a shame that this should be surprising, that is all. Each language has a rich legacy, albeit a legacy very different from our own, and they should be respected. † McWhorter’s eloquence touched me, and we talked for two more hours, vacillating from common everyday things I caught glimpses of from his article to fascinating facts I had never dreamed about him. I learned that he had mastered Socrates’ syllogisms at the age of six and Hegelian dialectics at the age of twelve, and that the value he respected most in humanity was its reason. Judging by the cold shoulder he gave his so beloved minority languages in his concluding paragraph—â€Å"We must consider the question in its pure, logical essence† (McWhorter, 252)—it was hardly surprising. More interesting was the fact that he had no less than four dogs at home, each named after a rare language he had specially enjoyed. The latest addition to the family was a darling slender little Chihuahua named Ket, with triple the uncertain grace of awkwardness found in dogs of his species. In the middle of hearing about Ket’s antics, I asked rather abruptly, â€Å"What art form is your favorite? Modernist? † McWhorter looked at me, surprised. â€Å"How did you guess? † I laughed. McWhorter, for a man of such clear-cut logic, enjoyed impossibilities as far as reality allowed— â€Å"The Ket language of Siberia is so awesomely irregular as to seem a work of art. † (McWhorter, 250) It was only natural that he should enjoy Picasso, whose pictures showed sharper intellectual insight, over David or Michelangelo, whose works were but excellent facsimiles of life’s appearance copied onto canvas and marble. Four hours passed by in the blink of an eye and time came for McWhorter to leave. He stood up and cordially shook my hand. â€Å"It was an honor meeting you, sir, though I dare say the interview was not short. † I shook my head. â€Å"No, it was an excellent interview. Thank you very much, Mr. McWhorter. † â€Å"Please, John,† McWhorter smilingly said. â€Å"If there’s one thing I learned from studying languages, it is that names are the essence of culture. I’ve seen many languages that are creative and fiendishly difficult and random—but no language is ever simpler than the other. Each has rich names for the things they treasure most. Native Americans sometimes have odd names; did you know that they have to earn it? But in our culture, we place identification foremost—and thanks be, my name is John McWhorter; John for friends and Mr. McWhorter for editors who don’t like my articles. † â€Å"Aren’t there many Johns here? † I teased, laughing, as I pulled on my coat. McWhorter shook his head. â€Å"None like me, John McWhorter,† he smiled, and treaded lightly out the door. How to cite Biographical Analysis of John Mcwhorter, Essay examples

Comparison Contrast Of Capabilities Competencies †Free Samples

Question: Discuss About The Comparison And Contrast Of Capabilities? Answer: Introduction In the modern era, the competition among businesses operating in hotel and hospitality industry has become highly intense. Furthermore, it is no longer easy for a company to attract new customers and retain the old ones (Ruetzler et al. 2014). Nowadays, organizations are required to adopt effective management practices to carry out the smooth functioning of all operations and business activities. The present study includes comparison and contrast of the capabilities and competencies required for three different job roles in front office department of Waiwo Dive Resort, Indonesia. The three different roles selected are night auditor, reservation manager, and assistant front office manager. The three different job roles in front office department of the organization Assistant front office manager- The person employed in this job role is also termed as deputy front office manager and reports to either general manager or to the front office manager (Bowen 2016). Furthermore, assistant front office manager plays a very important role in the absence of the front office manager in Waiwo Dive Resort, Indonesia. The assistant front office manager is responsible for ensuring the higher degree of satisfaction among clients or guest in the hotel. In addition to this, the manager also plays the vital role in managing proper coordination between back office and front office department within Waiwo Dive Resort, Indonesia. The manager is responsible for increasing sales and profitability of the business. In addition to this, assistant front office manager also is also responsible for dealing with issues linked to employee and customers (Albayrak Caber 2015). Overall management and motivation of employees working in Waiwo Dive Resort, Indonesia is also taken care by the manager. Night Auditor Front manager of the hotel is considered as the reporting authority of night auditor in the hotel. A person working on this position is required to carry out activities such as preparing Waiwo Dive Resorts cash summary, examining the overall accounting data and records of the hotel, tracking the financial records on a daily basis, etc. Posting of taxes and room charges in the account of guest staying in the hotel is also the key responsibility of night auditor (Andrews 2013). Assigning charges to their respective departments and cross checking the front office transaction with document evidence are also some important responsibilities which need to be accomplished by night auditor. Taking out the print and filling up of next day reservations in Waiwo Dive Resort, are some other roles associated with the position of night auditor in the hotel. Effective organizing skills are mandatory for a person working on job role of night auditor as these skills supports in managing the database and other essential reports in the best possible manner (Robinson et al. 2014). Reservation manager The reservation manager reports to front office manager of the hotel. Furthermore, the reservation manager is required to deliver fast, effective and adequate reservation services. It helps in achieving the higher degree of satisfaction among guests and thus contributes to the overall growth of hotel (Kang et al. 2015). The reservation manager works closely with the front office department of Waiwo Dive Resort, with an objective to developed and implement different working policies. The manager is also responsible for assigning the day to day task and activities to reservation staff working in the hotel. Other than this, the manager is responsible for enhancing the skill set and knowledge base of the reservation staff by carrying out different training programs. These training programs help employees to enhance their overall competencies and become more productive in terms of delivering fast, accurate and satisfactory services to all the hotel guests (Rao Sahu 2 013). Comparison and contrast of capabilities and competencies of three job roles Comparison and contrast of capabilities and competencies of three job roles Job Role Capabilities Competencies Assistant front office manager Welcoming guest and encouraging higher degree of customer loyalty Developing long term relation with hotel guest Dealing with issues and grievances of hotel clients or guest Understanding and satisfying the need/demand of customers Developing monthly and daily report Strong communication skills Effective management skills Problem solving abilities Result oriented Ability to develop strong bond and relation with customers Diploma in hotel and hospitality management Capable of developing pricing strategy Night Auditor Posting all charges Verification of the charges posted Auditing the charges posted and balance available Maintaining records of revenue generated through rooms, restaurant and calculating the occupancy percentage Attending the early morning calls Effective organizational skills Strong management skills Computer skills Ability to work on different software Generation of audit reports Satisfactory customer service Reservation manager Setting up rates by working with the sales team Revenue stream forecasting Managing the reservation staff Increasing the rate of customer guest satisfaction Knowledge about the international system of hotel Management of staff and hotel records Training skills Policy development Hotel management graduate from recognized university From the above-mentioned table, it has been analyzed that the capabilities and competencies for three different job roles have some similarities and differences. It can be stated that the selected three job positions in front office department require effective communication and management skills. Here, the management skills are essential because it helps employees to carry out the smooth flow of all operations and activities (Quintana, Park Cabrera 2015). In addition to this, management skills also support in accomplishing the targets of sales and profits of Waiwo Dive Resort. Another common capability required in the mentioned- above three roles is that all the selected roles focus on attaining the higher degree of customer satisfaction by meeting the need and demand of hotel guest. However, it can be critically argued that in certain competencies the selected roles contrast each other. For example job role such as assistant office manager demands competencies such as resulted ori ented and problem-solving skills. A person working as an assistant office manager should be able to deal with issues and queries of the hotel guest, and at the same time, he/she should be capable enough to resolve the same in the best possible manner (W ONeill McGinley 2014). In addition to this, assistant office manager should be capable enough to develop the overall pricing strategy of Waiwo Dive Resort, and this competency is not required in job roles such as night auditor and reservation manager. On the other side of this, the role such as night auditor also require some other competencies which are not demanded by other selected job roles. It can be justified by the example that a night auditor needs to be competent enough to work on various software and at the same time he/she should be able to generate various audit report (Gummesson 2014). The job role of reservation manager demands competencies such as knowledge and understanding about international hotel system and this competency is not mandatory for job roles such as assistant front office manger and night auditor. However, it can be expressed that the similarity between the selected three job roles in Waiwo Dive Resort, is that all these roles demand a minimum qualification i.e. graduation in hotel and hospitality management from a recognized college or university. Apart from this, work experience is also required to get the position of night auditor, reservation manager and assistant front office manager in Waiwo Dive Resort, Indonesia. Conclusion From the above carried out study, it can be concluded that the job roles such as night auditor, reservation manager, and assistant front office manager in the front office department have certain similarities and differences. Furthermore, management and communication skills are the core and common competencies required to accomplish the selected three different job roles.; References Albayrak, T Caber, M 2015, 'Prioritisation of the hotel attributes according to their influence on satisfaction: A comparison of two techniques', Tourism Management, vol 46, pp. 43-50. Andrews, S 2013, Hotel front office: A training manual., Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New York. Bowen, DE 2016, 'The changing role of employees in service theory and practice: An interdisciplinary view', Human Resource Management Review, vol 26, no. 1, pp. 4-13. Gummesson, E 2014, 'Productivity, quality and relationship marketing in service operations: A revisit in a new service paradigm', International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol 26, no. 5, pp. 656-662. Kang, JS, Chiang, CF, Huangthanapan, K Downing, S 2015, 'Corporate social responsibility and sustainability balanced scorecard: The case study of family-owned hotel', International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol 48, pp. 124-134. Quintana, TA, Park, S Cabrera, YA 2015, 'Assessing the effects of leadership styles on employees outcomes in international luxury hotels', Journal of Business ethics, vol 129, no. 2, pp. 469-489. Rao, PS Sahu, PC 2013, 'Impact of service quality on customer satisfaction in hotel industry.', Journal of Humanities and Social Science, vol 18, no. 5, pp. 39-44. Robinson, RN, Kralj, A, Solnet, DJ, Goh, E Callan, V 2014, 'Thinking job embeddedness not turnover: Towards a better understanding of frontline hotel worker retention', International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol 36, pp. 101-109. Ruetzler, T, Baker, W, Reynolds, D, Taylor, J Allen, B 2014, 'Perceptions of technical skills required for successful management in the hospitality industryAn exploratory study using conjoint analysis', International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol 39, no. 2, pp. 57-164. W ONeill, J McGinley, S 2014, ' Operations research from 1913 to 2013: The Ford assembly line to hospitality industry innovation.', International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol 26, no. 5, pp. 663-678.

Blooms taxonomy an Example of the Topic Business Essays by

Blooms taxonomy Much more clearly as the business error on his part was represented by his decision to divide Apple and Macintosh into two competing teams. From Blooms Taxonomy's perspective, one perhaps can understand that this decision was driven by internal drive of affective intelligence: the strong desire to perfect the esthetics does not matter what is the cost. He was more internalizing values with displaying self-reliance without thinking about the logical consequences of his decisions. This is one of those instances when it appears that affective intelligence drive would go against the logic of conducting successful business. Need essay sample on "Bloom's taxonomy" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed In that, Jobs was more of an artist than a businessman. Such a logic error on his part almost cost him his company and later on his position as the founder and the CEO of the company. If we return to the beginning of his business career and inquire what did make him successful, one of many answers and the most obvious at best would be: his affective intelligence. His initial angry move in which his throws the first prototype in to the trash can clearly suggests that he wanted to follow what was displayed in his inner vision, and that what he had in his hands was far from that. We cannot say the same about Gates. Gates was calculative with the most of his cognitive intelligence at game. His calculations were clear and logical and he followed them with the mathematical precision. Certainly, he made some errors, like greeting his potential investors in the clothes in which he slept and allowing his secretary to badge in with not beneficial for him statement. His Altair opportunity closed the door into his face because he forgot to include the major component. He demands a signing bonus with them just to learn that this was not the way they ran business. Here, it appears that he would benefit from the affective and psychomotor intelligences (Granell, 2000) that with all evidence he lacked, but again his cognitive intelligence saves him and catapults him on to the path of enormous success. He finds an obscure programmer and purchases from him the original DOS for $ 40,000 payable later and in installments. He turns around and invents the concept of Software License, which becomes a sale point with IBM. That particular move exemplifies the power behind the cognitive intelligence. To bring a parallel between Gates and Jobs and to inquire what drove the origins of their legendary success, we will clearly see that in Jobs it was affective intelligence and in Gates it was cognitive intelligence. The last 15 minutes were disappointing and made me wondering what if Gates decided to partner with Jobs what if the cognitive intelligence would unite with affective and psychomotor? What if Gates' marketing genius would become a part of Apple? The answer to this question is unilateral: all of us would enjoy a much better product and would not have to be driven by limitations on both ends: Apple with its limited software market and higher prices and Window-based PCs with their constant software and hardware problems. These two lives of two great men do not typically fit into the text book and professional articles dissection of business success. Some, like Granello, argue that supervisors must be trained in the principles of Blooms Taxonomy in order to understand their subordinates and to find the best way of their expression. While excellent in theory, in practice it does not happen necessarily in that way. Literature, elsewhere, suggested that among supervisors the most prevalent is the thinking from own perspective and demanding the environment to fit in. We can clearly see that in both, Gates and Jobs, as in an example after example they show intolerance toward their own employees and even their friends and partners' views and opinions. Jobs' obsession with esthetics made him neglect the human needs. Gates' logic and mathematical precision made him ignore the ethics in business deals. Certainly, both of them became instrumental in creating the computers that all of use today. But can we even begin guessing how far their respective intelligences would take this industry if Jobs would use Wozniak's cognitive intelligence and Gates would appreciate Job's invitation for the partnership? What is Jobs would be more understanding of his employees' needs and Gates would think mire about Windows' design perfection and trouble-free operation? If both men were aware of the aspects of Blooms Taxonomy and desire to apply them in practical matters of their respective business would we see a better outcome? According Granello's secondary sources, the targeted division of Blooms Taxonomy into domains would render one more cognizant of personal preferences. For example, the cognitive domain can be viewed from the perspective of six sub areas: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation. I cannot say that Jobs lacked all of the above, but was he in preference of functioning from entirely cognitive perspective? Although the levels have been represented as cumulative from each other, one should clearly start with first two: Knowledge and Comprehension. Clearly, Gates was more successful in that than Jobs. If Jobs would be led to believe that he had to apply his knowledge and then analyze, synthesize, and evaluate the results, the glorious Apple would not be born. In the beginning stage of development, blind following the Blooms Taxonomy would cripple his affective intelligence. In thus, the logic suggests that those intelligences that are more natural and dominant are the most powerful having the potential to bring the beholder to success. If one insists to Gates in developing and using his affective intelligence in the beginning and before he so boldly went to IBM, we perhaps would never learn of Microsoft for Windows would be late in development and the idea of which would be swallowed by then rapidly developing Apple. Both followed naturally their own preference and quite successfully. Thus, the proponents of Blooms Taxonomy must agree that teaching its principles might have a contradictory results for those would mask the natural inclinations. To be successful (and not only in business) one must discover and act upon the naturally inborn preference. Certainly, the knowledge of it and other modalities will be helpful thus leaving (and logically so) the influence of Taxonomy as an educative and informative tool but never as training and influencing one. For those supervisors who might be influenced by the goodness of this knowledge might get into an idea exercise that what is lacking thus brushing the natural aspects aside. If such "training" will be especially guided under the duress of the superordinates' supervision and their insistence of using it to be more "productive" we can expect nothing more but a meager performance of those whose natural talents and abilities were suppressed. The conclusion is the most obvious. Blooms Taxonomy is a valuable knowledge, but only as the informative input. The key here, to the opinion, of this writer, is the synergetic force of people with preferences of different Blooms' domains. Then, we can expect the cumulative effect. References Granello, D. H. (2000). Encouraging the Cognitive Development of Supervisees: Using Bloom's Taxonomy in Supervision. CounselorEducation and Supervision, 40(1), 31. Retrieved June 5, 2007. The Pirates of Silicon Valley. Motion picture. USA

Free Essays on Going Cheap

Going Cheap Today slave labor is going not only cheaper, but also tending to be disposable. Three reasons contributed to this trend. First of all, the world’s population is increasing sharply. Secondly, economy is growing and globalizing. Finally, government is powerless in controlling slave labour. Slave-made products were hidden behind the global economy and may be consumed by western consumer in the end. So far no effective solutions have been found to eliminate slave labour because it is very difficult to track down the course of a product’s origin. Unfortunately, human trafficking tended to be expanding recently, but government are still struggling to take actions to prevent such trend, as well as, businesses were trying to detect the slavery among their suppliers. In fact, exporting and importing slave labor took place in many countries. The programs for liberating slaves are now on the way in many countries, although they are now in the baby stage, at least they are growing everyday. The title sounds attractive, everyone wants to buy something cheap, but when I finished this article, I was shocked that some people even children in some places of the world are suffering from both physical torture and psychological abuse. It is important to draw the media attention and increase the public awareness. In some countries or some places, some people did experience with the slave labor or physical and psychological abuse, however, once government ruled business strictly, no factory or plantation would hire slave labor. For example, government will set a series of policies including living condition, the lowest salary and freedom of labors. Each factory must register for its labors in an organization, like labor numbers, labor origin and labor personal information. In addition, officer will monitor these companies on a regular basis. Once government show how strict the policies are, no company would take a risk.... Free Essays on Going Cheap Free Essays on Going Cheap Going Cheap Today slave labor is going not only cheaper, but also tending to be disposable. Three reasons contributed to this trend. First of all, the world’s population is increasing sharply. Secondly, economy is growing and globalizing. Finally, government is powerless in controlling slave labour. Slave-made products were hidden behind the global economy and may be consumed by western consumer in the end. So far no effective solutions have been found to eliminate slave labour because it is very difficult to track down the course of a product’s origin. Unfortunately, human trafficking tended to be expanding recently, but government are still struggling to take actions to prevent such trend, as well as, businesses were trying to detect the slavery among their suppliers. In fact, exporting and importing slave labor took place in many countries. The programs for liberating slaves are now on the way in many countries, although they are now in the baby stage, at least they are growing everyday. The title sounds attractive, everyone wants to buy something cheap, but when I finished this article, I was shocked that some people even children in some places of the world are suffering from both physical torture and psychological abuse. It is important to draw the media attention and increase the public awareness. In some countries or some places, some people did experience with the slave labor or physical and psychological abuse, however, once government ruled business strictly, no factory or plantation would hire slave labor. For example, government will set a series of policies including living condition, the lowest salary and freedom of labors. Each factory must register for its labors in an organization, like labor numbers, labor origin and labor personal information. In addition, officer will monitor these companies on a regular basis. Once government show how strict the policies are, no company would take a risk....

Identify the major trends that have influenced world trade and global Term Paper

Identify the major trends that have influenced world trade and global marketing - Term Paper Example Many countries have opened up their economies as part of Free Trade and is having an impact on the global economy. The main strength of Free Trade is that, it puts forward the notion that minimalistic state role or intervention resulted in better economy and importantly better society. Free trade proposes that human well-being can best be advanced by liberating individual entrepreneurial freedoms and skills within an institutional framework characterized by strong private property rights, free markets, and importantly free trade (Harvey 2). From earlier times, many Third World countries including Asian and African countries only indulged in agriculture for their livelihood. However, globalization and the opening up their markets as Free Trade regimes, these countries and their governments started to focus on industrial development, by improving their own industries and importantly by facilitating entry of foreign companies. They enticed the foreign companies with a slew of beneficial financial and social schemes. Foreign firms for their part optimally invested tapping the existing cheap labor and other resources, thereby garnering for themselves good profits. Importantly, a sizeable portion of good profits reached the local employees, thereby improving their economic standing and also optimizing country’s economy. Apart from this major trend of globalization, another major trend that is influencing global marketing is the concept of green marketing. Marketing’s traditional axiom so far has been â€Å"give customers what they want† and â€Å"sell as much as you can† (Ottman, Stafford and Hartman 2006). However, in today’s business environment, sustainability is the key word with natural environment given clear importance along with the business motives. Another trend is that of consumer knowledge increase with regards to impact of products and processes on their

Case Summary and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Case Summary and Analysis - Essay Example Cannondale is a bicycle manufacturing company that supplies bicycles in 66 countries. The company has to manufacture numerous and varying models of bicycles ordered by their clients. The company environment is characterized by demand for numerous varying bicycle models that requires different parts. Therefore, the company has to make several orders, which are hard to track and monitor. This created the difficulty in overall performance of the company. The main challenge is the need to manage the numerous bills of materials (BOMs) required manufacturing the different models. Being an international company, the company is faced by complex demands due to the varying needs of the customers. The complexity of the clients’ needs made it difficult for Cannondale to deliver customized products to their customers resulting in customer dissatisfaction. Additionally, the company could not monitor its sales effectively (Rainer and Cegielski 378-379). The rapid response system enabled Cannondale to manage its demand and supply chain effectively. The ease in management was because the RapidSystem made it easy and fast for the company to track the demands from their customers and monitor their supplies. The RapidSystem processes the supply and demand data in an easy to interpret manner making it easy for the customer to manufacture bicycles that meet the demands of their customer in good time. The buyers would easily make orders. Additionally the managers and other planners would easily monitor the daily inventories and make appropriate schedules for production purposes. Financial reporting became easy since the financial managers would easily monitor the sales using the systems. Another impact of the RapidResponse was easing interactions between the different participants in the supply chain. It has made it possible for the participants to instant simulate and share other information crucial in enhancing the supplies. This is cruc ial in enabling the company and the

The History of the Guidance Movement in the United States Essay

The History of the Guidance Movement in the United States - Essay Example In the United States the history and development of guidance and counseling was influenced by various events and personalities. Before guidance and counseling was formally introduced in the country, the formative years began in the latter half of the 18th century. During this period, there became more humane care for the mentally disturbed and greater awareness in application of treating human behavior. (Myrick, 2003) The formal history of guidance and counseling in the United States dates back to 1908 when Frank Parsons established the Boston Vocational Bureau. The objective of Parsons in establishing such institution was to provide the youth with vocational assistance in school. Because of his contributions, Parsons was named as the father of the guidance movement. According to Blocher, "The Guidance Movement developed from the need to help these early school leavers develop a rational plan with which to begin their careers." (2000) Guidance and counseling in the United States bega n as vocational counseling. The primary objective of counseling during such time was to help students determine their career of choice and future plans. Another influential person in the development of guidance and counseling was Jesse B. Davis.

Assessing The Importance Of Being Scientific Literate Sociology Essay

Assessing The Importance Of Being Scientific Literate Sociology Essay This report is to provide a clear and comprehensible analysis on scientific literacy which is an idea that is so powerful and would change how a society will behave and develop in current time. The concept of scientific literate is being advocated in developing countries such as Thailand and advance countries like Canada and The United States as well. It will affect a society from economically, educationally, culturally, and politically point of view. Nevertheless, the impact of it on the future generation must be considered. Questions to be addressed in this report include: 1. What is scientifically literate? 2. Should society be scientifically literate? 3. Consequences of not scientifically literate. 4. How to foster scientific literacy in a society and sustain it? 5. The importance of being scientifically literate and how it influences an individual. 6. Role of government, private institution, public citizen in pursuing scientific literacy. 7. Scientific literacy and democracy. 8. Influences of scientific literacy in the business world. In general, a nation that possesses significantly scientific literate will successfully captures world attention and profits from the others in trading and exports of technology and science orientated goods and services. For instance, South Korea is the world most scientifically literate following on is Japan. Both of the nations are countries that invest heavily on the research and development sector and pursue advancement in technology to create a better future. Hybrid vehicles and low energy consumption electrical items are sector which being focus heavily as green technology is the future of technology. In order to be to be scientifically literacy, it requires efforts and time to attain in every individual. The most fundamental step is to inject this concept into the education system. Besides that, this report will outline the steps in order to reach minimal scientific literacy in every individual. Most importantly, to sustain the scientific literacy concept over time and make deep influence in the future generations. INTRODUCTION What is the importance of being scientifically literate and its impact towards the society and future generation? In the 21st century, most of the countries start to rely heavily on the technology industry and usage of science. Phillips (2003) concluded scientific literacy is the understanding of science and its purposes; ability to judge scientifically and critically; ability to use scientific facts in problem solving and using evidence; knowledge required for intellectual participation in science-based problems; understanding the nature of science, including its association with culture; appreciation of and comfort with science, including its marvel and curiosity; knowledge of the threats and advantages of science; and ability to question about science or being skeptical and to deal with scientific expertise. With the effect of science and technology in every aspect of our live, especially on the political and personal decisions that sustain the democratic economy system the society must be scientifically literate. In order to provide a better future for the next generations, creating a universally literate society is imminent. This includes the exposure and education not just in reading and arithmetic but also science, technology and mathematic. Hence, the 1st step towards the goal is assessing our current level of scientific literate of the society. An experiment conducted at Harvard University graduation depicts the scientific literacy of the students (Private Universe Project, 1989). In the study, young graduates were asked to answer this question: Why is it warm in the summer and cold in the winter? 22 out of 25 got the answer wrong. The society may not be scientifically literate as it suppose due to many factors also. Through learning all the facts and theories behind the science we will be able to think on our own and critically. Why scientific literacy is considered important? The world is experiencing a rapid growth in population so the decisions we make every day have the tendency to affect energy consumption, natural resources, the environment, and ultimately our community. Individual decisions may not seem to make any difference, but with 7 billion populations worldwide, the magnitude of one wrong decision can be lethal to the Homo sapiens survival. However, creating a total scientifically literate nation is not an easy task to complete. It challenges and issues are many and take long time to address and require enormous effort and funds. LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Conceptual overview. Even though scientific literacy has gain attention over the years, this concept is still recognized as controversial (Jenkins, 1990, 1994). In addition, Venezky (2009) stated that the term scientific literacy can classified as liberty, justice and happiness. On top of that, there are different factors that would influence the interpretation of scientific literacy. Such as, the different purpose for advocating scientific literacy, different interest group that concerned with scientific literacy, and way of measuring aspects. In each of these factors carries different interpretations and perception towards the term. On top of that, Miller (2007) proposed that in order to understand the model of civic scientific literacy, it is essential to start on with an understanding of the concept of literacy itself. The fundamental idea of literacy is to possess a minimum level of reading and writing proficiency that a person needs to be involved in written communication and social life. In this c ontext, civic scientific literacy can be understood as the level of understanding of science and technology a person needed to live in a modern society. In addition, scientific literacy does not imply an idyllic level of understanding, but just a minimal threshold level. This further implies every individual is able to be scientific literate regardless of education level. Figure 1: A conceptual overview of scientific literacy Graber et al. (2001) further organize the views as illustrated in Figure 2 reconsiders the balance between the different competencies. This view shows the need for scientific literacy is more important than knowledge and implements the component of values as a science education. Figure 2: The Graber model for scientific literacy Graber s model for scientific literacy can be perceived as interrelates with human rights, education, gender equity, and tolerance. A further view for scientific literacy determined as the general aim as achieving societal requirements, such as learning to deal with social issues and to make rational decision base on evidence. Shamos (1995), however reject any definition of scientific literacy. He defines scientific literacy as promoting skilled consumers of science with the talent to gain understanding or knowledge from experts. In general view, scientific literacy is the understanding of scientific concepts and processes required for individual decision making, involvement in civic and cultural affairs, and economic production. Scientific literacy allows a person to ask, find, or determine answers to questions derived from inquisitiveness on everything happening around. It also means that a person has the capacity to explain, clarify, and predict natural phenomena. Apart from that, individuals will exhibit scientific literacy in different behaviour, such as correctly using technical terms, or applying scientific concepts. In school level, Bybee (1997) has proposed that scientific literacy to be considered in four functional levels. First, nominal which refer to individual can recognise scientific terms but do not understand the meaning thoroughly. Secondly, functional which means using scientific and technological terms but only out of context such as in school examination or test. Thirdly, conceptual and procedural that requires the individual to demonstrate the understanding of the relationship between concepts. Last, multidimensional which includes developed perspectives of concept in science and technology in addition with the nature and role of science in application in personal life and society. Hazen (2002) concluded that the difference between doing science and using science. He argues that scientific literacy is a mix of concepts, history, and philosophy that help you understand the scientific issues. Other definitions argue for a more comprehensive knowledge of science, but this general idea uses the less difficult definitions proposed by Miller and Hazen. 2. Should society be scientifically literate? Scientific literacy in the general public has come in a period of decline. Opposite to common perception, advanced communities are starting to feel the shortage of bright scientists supporting the scientific world. The extensive usage of technology causes human to neglect the value of science. Nowadays, science is everywhere and modern living standards are based on science too. However, scientific literacy in our society is inadequate. The educated people have no interest in science, not to mention the uneducated population. And the reasons is because the flaws in our education system. Science is important in a society because it has brought many advantages to a society. For example, the invention of steam engine by James Watt propelled the Industrial Revolution and boosts the nation economy, wealth, social living conditions, income level, and many more. Science is the ultimate tool to forge a modern society and the community must be scientifically literate to cope with the advancement. Espinosa (n.d.) stated the reasons why society is not longer interested in science anymore. In the study, Espinosa suggest that science should the school curricula since early the education. In this context, astronomy has an important role to play in educating scientifically literate society. Astronomy is ideal for teaching children numbers, day-night cycle and act as an initial exposure of science. Besides, astronomy will show them the importance of mathematic, geology, chemistry, physics or even biology in the later stage. Indeed, astronomy is a perfect anchor and astronomy has al so interested Mankind since the ancient time. Being scientifically literate allows us to understand the reasons behind a technology or occurrence of a natural phenomenon. Therefore, science is important for the society and especially in carrying an efficient economic human activity such as plantation. The correct method of harvesting will yield more products and producing more income for those ordinary farmers. Science is an important part in human evolution and improvement in quality of life. People should aware and understand of its cultural and political impact as well. Government should scientifically educate the general population, so that every person is ready for the future. An example of most scientifically literate nation is South Korea and following is Japan as illustrated in Figure 3. The research is conducted by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in determining the scientific literacy for economical and educational purposes. Miller (2007) outline that in developing an assessment of civic scientific literacy, it is vital to create a measure that will be functional over a period of years and that will be adequately responsive to capture changes in the constitution and composition of public understanding towards scientific literacy. South Korea and Japan are known countries that focus on technological advancement and development. According to most a recent study by European Commission, Meyer (2009) stated that Japan uses 3.39 percent of its GDP on research and development, while South Korea uses 3.23 percent and the United States spends 2.61 percent. In the contrary, China spends just 1.42 percent of its GDP. The amount of science and technology researching projects in Europe is growing, but the European Union is still slow comparing with the research and development investment targets of Japan and South Korea. If a nation is not scientifically literate, it may face problems like inadequate professional personnel or lack of research and development. Japan and South Korea that determined to be pioneering in the research and development field is gaining profits by selling their technology to the world. For example, car manufacturer, Toyota hybrid vehicle, Prius is favor by many western countries especially the Uni ted States. In addition, worlds most popular consumer electronics brand, Samsung from Korea capture the world consumer demand in electronics products. Undeniable, the scientific literacy in Japan and South Korea contributed in their success. Figure 3: Scientific literacy by country (OECD) Also, acquire from the National Science Foundation (NSF) document Science and Engineering Indicators 2006 in Figure 4, a survey that is designed to evaluate scientific literacy. Countries participating include: the United States, 25 European Union countries, South Korea, Japan, Russia, China, and Malaysia. Figure 4: Survey questions from Science and Engineering Indicators 2006. National Science Foundation The results of such surveys are promising. The majority of respondents from all countries except China properly recognized the first statement about earth s core temperature as exact. Though, fewer than 50% of respondents from all countries correctly identified the lasers as false and the statements about electrons as true. Only respondents from the United States, the European Union, and Japan scored higher than 50% in correctly identifying question three concerning radiation as incorrect. In the other hand, the United States was the single nation able to achieve higher than 50% in accurately state out that antibiotics do not eradicate viruses. 3. Why constructing a scientifically society? Generally the public perceive scientific literacy brings positive effects to the society. However, there are only few reasons for advocating scientific literacy being highlighted by the public (Thomas Durant, 1987). In this part, a number of familiar points of view will be suggested in support of scientific literacy. These arguments for promoting scientific literacy, which are based on Thomas and Durant (1987) and Shortland (1988) can fundamentally be grouped into a macro and micro view. In the macro view, the first common reason for advocating scientific literacy is the bond between scientific literacy and the economic well-being of a nation. It is believed that national wealth relies on the nation s capability in competing successfully in international markets. Meanwhile, the international competitiveness depends on the national research and development policy and programmes. Highly developed countries will be able to capture investor from other countries due to its ability to provide quality supply of scientist, engineers, and highly-trained personnel to conduct research and development. In the same time, to exploit minor niche markets. However, only nations whose general public possess a proper level of scientific literacy will be able to sustain the environment. In addition, scientific literacy will facilitate individuals to contribute more intelligently and efficiently in the productive sector of the economy (Walberg, 1983). Therefore, scientific literacy can b e regarded as an essential human capital that manipulates the economic well-being of a nation in various factors. In addition, associated to the economic perspectives, a higher level of scientific literacy among the population will promote greater support for science itself. This is due to the injection of new recruits that attracted to science (Shortland, 1988, p. 307). Another factor in which society benefit from the influence of greater scientific literacy is the public s expectations of science. The better and clearly the public comprehend about the objectives, developments, and capacity of science, the less likely the public will be to receive unrealistic anticipations of science. While unrealistic hope may result in loss of confidence and eventually withdrawal from being scientifically literate. In other words, this also prevents the public from being easily con or believing untrue myths. Prewitt (1983) supported this argument by emphasizing on democratic practice in a nation. An effective government will only be constructed by voter that is scientifically literate so they able to make meaningful involvement, engage with political processes, and participate in suitable social change. There is also an argument in the context of science and culture. Thomas and Durant (1987) quoted that [t]he general health of a nation in which science is practiced depends on the effective integration of science in the wider culture. According to Thomas and Durant, the science is being perceived by the public as the essence of technicality and specialization. The separation of science from the wider culture may lead the general public fail to understand the science properly as it contradicting from their origin culture and practices. Such as religion that are often contradicting with science since the emergence of science or Renaissance period in the Europe. In consequence, the public ma y feel fear in accepting science in their society and creating confusion. Hence, increasing scientific literacy of the public would create a suitable environment for the public to be productive and healthy. In the micro view, scientific literacy reflects on individuals. It is believe that improved understanding of science and technology is beneficial to individuals living in a science and technology orientated society (Thomas Durant, 1987). Personal decisions, such as diet, smoking, healthcare or safety in the home and at work, should be aided by reasonable level of scientific literacy so that decision made will be useful. Extensive knowledge on the foundation of science and facts enable the individual to indentify and reject pseudo-scientific information. An unaware public is exposed to misleading information on, for example, medicine. (Royal Society, 1985) With the widespread scientific literacy among the public, it will create a citizen that is confident and capable to deal with science and technology related matters that arise in their daily life effectively. The employment issue of the people is the very important area that will benefit with scientific literacy. As the economy becoming more knowledge-based, the demand of quality human resources is increasing at the same time and also an important economic asset of modern science and technology societies (Brooks, 1991). Therefore, individual with adequate knowledge will be in a advantageous position to exploit new and better job opportunities. In the same time able to take full advantage in developing technical skills in work place (Thomas Durant, 1987). During the World War 2, the Nazi Germany slaughtered about 6 million Jews under the command for Adolf Hitler (Holocaust Encyclopaedia, n.d.). The Holocaust was an organized, state-funded discrimination and massacre of about six million Jews by the Nazi regime. They believe that Jews are Untermenschen (inferior people) and should be eliminate. The Nazi racial ideology of inferior people is an example of non-scientifically proven theory. The poor scientific literacy among the Nazis caused the death of millions in concentration camps. Given that the Nazis able to view and justify the idea of inferior people the Jews should had survived the massacre. In addition, Locke (n.d.) quoted all men are created equal in his view and all men have the rights to pursuit their happiness. His statement also supported by the third President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson in The Declaration of Independence. Miller (2002), who had been assessing the scientific literacy of society for over 30 years, emphasizes the significance of civic scientific literacy in present society that depends heavily on the invention and usage of science and technology. He strongly believes that in the future or now the society requires a population that is reasonable knowledgeable in the field of contemporary scientific and technological topics so that the democratic process will be able to function at the correct behavior. In a democracy, the public will have both indirect and direct influence on the formation of public policy. During elections, citizens elect their desire politicians and vote on individual ballot items. Meanwhile, the ballot choices could include issues that related to science, such as pollution, recycling, natural resources, energy, and endowment for research and education. There are several factors that will influence a public opinion and justification. Such as education, environment, poli tics, and individual experiences. While such factors are influential, when politics clash with scientific issues, fundamental scientific literacy is a must for an informed decision making process. Science does not always offer simple answers and might call for a complicated understanding of terms and ideas to interpret. Political debate, rather always rephrases scientific issues to the worthlessness. Only an audience with the ability to comprehend and to filter the information being feed or bombarded able to form well considered judgments. There are number of solid reasons for promoting scientific literacy for both the general public and the individual good. The purpose for promoting scientific literacy is not only reliant on the benefits, but is also influenced by ideological and philosophical reflection (Champagne Lovitts, 1989). Therefore, promoting scientific literacy would bring greater benefit for the current and future generations and propel the humanity towards a better future and technology. 3. How to create a scientifically literate society? The world is now increasingly influence by the expansion of science and technology. Hence, achieving scientific literacy is vital as an educational outcome for the development of society. This increasing demand of scientific literate communities requires them to engage, deal with ideas and applications of science. In order to address this important question, clarifying the idea of scientific literacy and construct a common comprehension toward the idea is essential. Citizens that are scientifically literate will be able to utilize their knowledge in science to meet their social and personal demands (Murcia, 2005). Without an acceptable level of scientific literacy, they might unable to understand and appreciate the fundamental of science, its interaction with society, roles, values, and shaping of humanity s future. The science is a continuing developing discipline and borderless hence being scientific literate may only need a minimum understanding on the ideas. These concepts will endure rapid change and have impact on the society throughout at least for few years. For instance, the genetic research is a field that constantly changes with events such as stem cell research and cloning. So, what is the most effective method to engage the society in scientific literacy and eventually encourage them to contribute in the development of scientific literacy? In order to incorporate the way of thinking, the assumptions and values inherent in the building of scientific knowledge, understanding of nature of science is an essential part of scientific literacy. Hence, Murcia Schibeci (1999) proposed a set of themes that would represent a promising view of nature of science, which is also consistent with the contemporary science philosophy and practice. 1. Scientific knowledge has an impermanent position and should not be accepted as absolute truth. 2. New scientific knowledge is formed as a product of creativity and imagination joined with techniques of scientific inquiry. 3. Science develops through ongoing research and critical questioning. 4. Science is active and ongoing, not a stagnant gathering of information. 5. Scientists and the scientific community usually exhibit the professional standards of openness of mind and integrity. The themes suggest that scientific results and knowledge should be considered critically and not perceived as the rigid fundamental of science. Thus, science is essentially a vibrant, human activity that conducts through critical questioning and constant research tied with reasonable imagination. First of all, engaging an individual attention, desire and interest to find out more about daily activity of science interacting with society is a crucial step toward developing scientific literacy. Real world investigations will provide opportunities for instilling scientific literacy as they able to see different forms of knowledge from various fields that would relate to each other. Through connected and interrelated study activities, the values and assumptions underlying the scientific literacy and how the science will interacts with the society concept will be explicit. Natural curiosity can be the driving force in learning essential foundational habits such as observing, investigating, measuring, questioning, using scientific language to describe experiment and constructing informed decisions based on scientific ideas. Through making informed decisions, individual will tend to build introductory understandings of the vibrant, creative and tentative nature of scientific research. In this way, they would develop critical thinking or questioning skills to appreciate the role science that in need for solving personal problems or dilemmas. Reading and interpreting non-fiction science content is also an integral section of context in instilling scientific literacy. Through reading simple newspaper articles related science or applications of science in daily life will enact an individual curiosity of the science in it. Science in the media will create an important motivation for investigation as it will exhibit the dynamic personality of scientific knowle dge and the call for critical questioning. Meanwhile, individual will create awareness in evaluating information and claims that are being made by the author. Murcia (2005) supported this view that individual will gain stimulus for inquiring, questioning and participate in discussion about the topic critically when introduced to scientific related articles. Figure 5: Sources used for attaining science information. (National Science Foundation) Figure 5 is a study on resources used for obtaining scientific materials. Options consider are internet, books, television, magazines and newspapers. The internet clearly shows a dominant percentage among the options for both the year 2001 and 2004. The internet is a reliable and efficient alternative in promoting scientific literacy. Due to its versatile characteristic, internet can be used in everywhere provided an internet connection and a computer or any electronic devices that is capable of internet browsing. The tremendous growth of internet over the years also serves as a reason why internet is worth to consider. In addition, as an increasingly important researching tool, it is user-friendly, interesting and covers wide area of material. The internet also allows distance learning technology and able to bring large audiences around the world together. Hence, it can also strengthen the relationship between outside institutional and formal education. Most importantly, internet is a tool that able to aid the community in learning and spreading of scientific literacy materials. Hence, creating a website or forum which focuses on discussing scientific issues and problem will attract people to visit and contribute their opinions regarding to specific issues. Increasing the public awareness on the issues is important as well. The media, researchers, research institution, university and industry as well have a role to play. They must ready to communicate and engaging in debate on scientific issues in a professional manner and comprehensible for the public as well. Their honest explanation on the benefits and limitations of scientific issues will clarify the public and increases the scientific literacy. In order to do so, relevant information must be made available to the public in the easiest way as possible. Internet is the perfect candidate for the job. Creating a database of press release, images, background information, details of events and science journal for the public is a way of creating awareness in scientific development. Alpha-Galileo is an example of internet service that provides tailored information to the media. Apart from that, organizing international forum, including online forum will facilitate the exchange of informati on and popularize scientific issues. Democracy needs citizens to have a certain technical and knowledge to be part of it. Besides, a pool of scientists and engineers are essential in creating a social-economic development and improvement. It is therefore necessary to induce scientific knowledge to young children. Meanwhile, encouraging them to embark on a scientific career and provide necessary aids. Also, not to neglect individual who has started on scientific career. Approving endowment for research and development will certain promote the development scientific research sector. This also helps them to retain their enthusiasm and motivation in conducting tedious research. Education system itself is a vital factor that influences the scientific literacy of a society. Therefore, teaching method in school must be reviewed because the impact on the student will directly reflect how they behave after completing education. Hence, teaching method must be designed to stimulate interest such as establishment of innovative projects. Experts views on policy should be convincing but the public opinion must not be neglected. A dialogue with the citizen will create a mutual understanding between the official and public and foster quality policy. Though information gathered from different stakeholders including media, citizens, research organizations and enterprises the authority will able to see the general idea. Producing gender equality in science is vital as well in promoting scientific literacy. In the history of science, research often fails to take specific needs of women into consideration. According to European Commission, female represent 50% of the student population but only 10% is in senior position in academia and industry. This may due to conservative way of thinking in the population upbringing. However, the rapid growth in scientific and technological progress can create serious ethical question that would concern every individual. These questions may also have the potential implications for future generations also. Therefore, a systematic information facility on ethical issues in science is needed. This facility will provide information on legislation, codes of conducts, debates and practices. Meanwhile, the researchers must have integrity in conducting research. They should use good scientific practices including research integrity. Providing model courses and training modules will raise the awareness of researcher in field of ethics also. 4. The impact of science in the business world (scientific management). In scientific management, the principle object of it is to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer and employee. The prosperity does not only consist of wages but more importantly is the development of each employee to his condition of maximum efficiency. In a traditional type management process, the success of a business depends almost completely on the initiative of the employee. Taylor (1911) outline that the initiative of employee is obtain with total uniformity under the old system in his work of scientific management.

Wise Children Essay -- English Literature

Wise Children Essay Angela Carter uses a variety of methods and techniques to present events and characters in an interesting way in chapter 1. By using Dora’s voice she is able to express the character’s viewpoint and introduce the reader to the story at a pace and style that not only establishes other characters but from how language is used the reader can create a personality for Dora also. The novel starts with a question to slowly introduce the reader into the idea of the legitimacy and illegitimacy. ‘WHY is London like Budapest? A. Because it two cities divided by a river. Dora uses London to immediately explain how her and Dora live on the ‘bastard side of Old Father Thames’, not just literally but as illegitimate children it is a metaphor for their situation. Carter uses these parallels of the North and South divide to explain how Nora and Dora are from ‘the wrong side of the tracks.’ and can also help the reader to relate and empathise with Dora and Nora’s position. The novel does not follow a chronological timeline, but is a non-linear narrative jumping back and forth between what is happening on the twin’s 75th birthday and events that have taken place in the past. The first main event in the novel is the arrival of the invitation to Melchior Hazards birthday party, not only does it introduce some action, but also other characters into the play and allows Carter to tell the reader some information on Dora’s situation, that Melchior Hazard is her father and who ‘Wheelchair’ is. Carter uses plot very effectively in the first chapter; she offers part of the story and then holds back, when Tristram is showing the video recording, ‘Freeze –frame’. This allows Carter to explain the famil... ...llen’, Dora is mocking the demise of the Hazard family, the once great Shakespearian act reduced to a host on a tacky game show. Dora pours scorn on the idea that the Hazard family are the height of respectability and legitimacy: ‘Speaking of illegitimacy, there was more than a hint of romantic, nay, melodramatic illegitimacy in the Hazard family long before Nora and myself took our first bows’, she breaks down the social barriers between the two families, lowering them to her status by revealing that even families of good reputation hide dark secrets. By the end of chapter 1 different questions gave been raised for the reader that now need answering, these questions create tensions that encourage the reader to find out more. The plot development within the first chapter portray not only the events, but as they are seen through Dora shape her character.